軌是支撐被加工零件，并使其按規(guī)定方向運動的部件。導(dǎo)軌的導(dǎo)向誤差會直接 影響運動軌跡，終導(dǎo)致工件產(chǎn)生加工誤差。導(dǎo)軌的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是靜導(dǎo)軌（導(dǎo)軌）和動導(dǎo)軌（滑塊），導(dǎo)軌起支撐作用，滑塊連 接運動件，沿導(dǎo)軌作直線運動。根據(jù)導(dǎo)軌和滑塊的接觸結(jié)構(gòu)，可分為滑動導(dǎo)軌、 滾動導(dǎo)軌和液體靜壓導(dǎo)軌。

A rail is a component that supports the processed part and causes it to move in a specified direction. The guiding error of the guide rail will directly affect the motion trajectory, ultimately leading to machining errors in the workpiece. The basic structure of a guide rail is a static guide rail (guide rail) and a moving guide rail (slider). The guide rail plays a supporting role, and the slider is connected to the moving parts and moves in a straight line along the guide rail. According to the contact structure between the guide rail and slider, it can be divided into sliding guide rail, rolling guide rail, and hydrostatic guide rail.

（1）滑動導(dǎo)軌，又稱硬軌，是指工作面之間通過滑動摩擦運動的導(dǎo)軌；具有結(jié) 構(gòu)簡單、剛度好，承載能力強、抗震性強、易維修等優(yōu)點，缺點是摩擦系數(shù)較大；適用于低精度重切削；

(1) Sliding guide rail, also known as hard rail, refers to the guide rail that moves between working surfaces through sliding friction; It has the advantages of simple structure, good stiffness, strong load-bearing capacity, strong seismic resistance, and easy maintenance, but the disadvantage is that the friction coefficient is relatively high; Suitable for low precision heavy cutting;

（2）滾動導(dǎo)軌，又稱線軌，是指在工作面之間安裝滾動體（滾珠、滾柱和滾針） 的導(dǎo)軌；具有摩擦系數(shù)小、響應(yīng)速度快、運行速度高等優(yōu)點，缺點是剛度、穩(wěn)定 性和抗震性不及滑動導(dǎo)軌，承載小，維修性差；適用于高精度、高速輕加工；

(2) Rolling guide rail, also known as line rail, refers to a guide rail that installs rolling elements (balls, rollers, and needles) between working surfaces; It has the advantages of low friction coefficient, fast response speed, and high operating speed, but the disadvantage is that its stiffness, stability, and seismic resistance are not as good as those of sliding guides, with low load-bearing capacity and poor maintainability; Suitable for high-precision, high-speed light processing;

（3）液體靜壓導(dǎo)軌是指在工作面之間通入壓力油，使運動件浮起，油壓能隨著 外加負(fù)載的變化而自動調(diào)節(jié)，以保證工作面間始終處于純液體的摩擦狀態(tài)，同時 采用直線電機驅(qū)動，光柵尺為位置反饋系統(tǒng)，形成系統(tǒng)的全閉環(huán)控制；摩擦系數(shù) 極小，但是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，制造成本高，實際應(yīng)用較少。

(3) Liquid static pressure guide rail refers to the process of introducing pressure oil between working surfaces, causing the moving parts to float. The oil pressure can be automatically adjusted with changes in the applied load to ensure that the working surfaces are always in a pure liquid friction state. At the same time, it is driven by a linear motor and a grating ruler is used as a position feedback system, forming a full closed-loop control system; The friction coefficient is extremely small, but the structure is complex, the manufacturing cost is high, and there are few practical applications.

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